
Primary Investigator (PI)
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Deanna Gagne is a professor at Gallaudet University, with expertise in child development, specializing in how children acquire and create language.
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Lab Staff
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Desiree Kirst is a key member of the MAC Lab team at Gallaudet University, supporting the lab's research operations, community coordination, and ongoing studies in language acquisition and protactile communication.
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Protactile Experts & Consulting Team
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Hayley Broadway is a Protactile expert and education specialist with experience in curriculum design, teaching, and working with families of DeafBlind children.
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Research Support Specialist
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An aspiring data analyst with an MA degree in deaf cultural studies at Gallaudet University and a BA degree in Biomedical Science at RIT.
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Research Team
Jenna Gorlewicz is a professor at Saint Louis University, who specializes in designing touch-based communication technologies.
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Ph.D Student
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Esther (Esty) Brenowitz is a white DeafBlind Ph.D. student in the Critical Studies in the Education of Deaf Learners at Gallaudet University.
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PhD Student
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Kaj Kraus is a PhD candidate in the Department of Linguistics at Gallaudet University. His research investigates how deaf and hard of hearing adults learn ASL as a second language, and explores different linguistic and cognitive factors that may affect proficiency. In his free time, he enjoys mountain biking, skiing, and running.
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PhD Student
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Marjorie Bates is a PhD candidate in Linguistics at Gallaudet University. As a hearing, second-language learner of ASL and Protactile, Marjorie is interested in the cognitive processes (e.g., attention, metaphorical mapping) that contribute to understanding across modalities, including visual (sign, gesture, written), tactile, and spoken/auditory.
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PhD Student
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Phoenix Cook is a PhD student in the Department of Linguistics at Gallaudet University, conducting research on language acquisition and cognition in deaf and DeafBlind populations.
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Staff
Ashley Jackson is a research assistant with the MAC Lab, contributing to studies on language acquisition and providing support across research projects in the areas of deaf and DeafBlind communication.
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Staff
Kim Powers is a member of the MAC Lab's Austin Team, contributing to research activities and community engagement efforts focused on protactile and DeafBlind language development.
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Staff
Jessica Ennis is a member of the MAC Lab's Austin Team, supporting field research and data collection efforts related to protactile language acquisition and DeafBlind communication.
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Staff
John Lee Clark is a DeafBlind author, poet, and protactile advocate who contributes to the MAC Lab's work on protactile language and DeafBlind culture and communication.
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Staff
Jason Herbers is a member of the MAC Lab team, contributing to the study of protactile language and supporting research with DeafBlind children and families.
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Staff
Kenni Ramirez is a research assistant with the MAC Lab, supporting data collection and analysis across ongoing studies in protactile language acquisition and sign language learning.
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Staff
Jelica Nuccio is a member of the MAC Lab team, bringing lived experience and expertise as a DeafBlind protactile practitioner to the lab's research and outreach.
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Staff
Roberto Cabrera is a member of the MAC Lab team at Gallaudet University, supporting research initiatives focused on protactile language and DeafBlind communication.
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DeafBlind Protactile Educator Expert
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My journey encompasses being a DeafBlind mentor, raising two Deaf children and following the Protactile movement. I interact with many DeafBlind folks from all backgrounds and in different environments/platforms, such as at retreats, through direct training and on listservs. Fostering access to information through touch allows us to lead meaningful lives.
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Staff
Heather Holmes is a member of the MAC Lab team at Gallaudet University, contributing to research on language, cognition, and communication in deaf and DeafBlind communities.
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Staff
Marie Coppola, PhD is a collaborating researcher affiliated with the MAC Lab, bringing expertise in language emergence and the study of communication in deaf and hearing populations.
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Staff
Terra Edwards, PhD is a collaborating researcher affiliated with the MAC Lab, whose work focuses on protactile language and the linguistic and social practices of the DeafBlind community.
Read moreAt the MAC Lab, we believe language access is a right, not a privilege. Our research is driven by the children and families we work alongside — and by the conviction that understanding how language emerges can change how we support every learner, in every modality.

Primary Investigator
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The MAC Lab (Modality, Acquisition, and Cognition Laboratory) is a research lab in the Department of Linguistics at Gallaudet University, directed by Dr. Deanna Gagne. We study how language is acquired and used across different modalities — visual, tactile, and spoken — and how varied language experiences shape cognitive development. Our work focuses especially on deaf, DeafBlind, and hard of hearing individuals across the lifespan.
The MAC Lab is made up of a multidisciplinary team including linguists, PhD students, DeafBlind educators, protactile experts, and research assistants. We also work closely with collaborators at other universities and with members of the DeafBlind community through the PT Kids Lab — our sister lab focused on protactile language acquisition in DeafBlind children.
Yes! We are currently recruiting participants for our Study of Protactile Acquisition, which investigates how DeafBlind children acquire protactile language. We are also conducting ongoing research on sign language learning in deaf and hard of hearing adults. Visit our Study page to learn more about current studies and eligibility requirements, or reach out to us directly at maclab@gallaudet.edu.
The best way to stay informed is to check our Publications and Blog pages regularly, where we share new research findings, study updates, and lab news. You can also follow us on Instagram at @maclab23
Protactile is a tactile language that emerged organically within the DeafBlind community in the United States, beginning around 2007 in Seattle, Washington. Unlike tactile adaptations of ASL, protactile was developed by and for DeafBlind people from the ground up. It centers touch as the primary channel for communication, using the listener’s body as the space for language. Protactile is still developing as a language, and the MAC Lab’s PT Kids Lab is actively studying how DeafBlind children acquire it.
The PT Kids Lab is the protactile acquisition research arm of the MAC Lab, also based at Gallaudet University. It is the first lab in the world dedicated to studying how DeafBlind children acquire protactile language from birth. Our team works directly with DeafBlind children and their families in home-based sessions, documenting early language development and helping to understand what it means for a child to grow up with a truly accessible first language.
The MAC Lab is located within the Department of Linguistics at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. — the world’s only university designed to be fully accessible to deaf and hard of hearing students. Gallaudet is a unique home for our research, providing direct access to one of the most vibrant deaf communities in the world.
You can reach us by email at maclab@gallaudet.edu, or by visiting our Contact page where you can submit a message directly. We welcome inquiries from prospective collaborators, families interested in our research, students interested in joining the lab, and anyone curious about our work. Our lab is located at Gallaudet University, 800 Florida Avenue NE, Washington, D.C. 20002.